Health, Nutrition

Diabetes and A Healthy Microbiome

By Christina Badaracco, Dietetic Intern 

What Is the Microbiome?

The human microbiome includes all the bacteria, both good and bad, that live in our organs. There are actually about 10 times as many bacterial cells in the body as human cells! Bacteria play many important roles in keeping us healthy, such as protecting us from invading bad bacteria and breaking down (or fermenting) the fiber in foods like vegetables that our own bodies can’t digest.

Our microbiome includes many different types of bacteria, and more diversity is typically a sign of good health. Many diseases, such as diabetes, can reduce the diversity in our gut and create environments that are better for bacteria that produce substances that cause inflammation or other harmful effects.  In this figure you can see many of the things that cause the microbiome to become imbalanced (such as taking antibiotics or poor diet) and some of the health problems that might result.  The microbiome is such an important factor in our health that the National Institutes of Health have launched two versions of the Human Microbiome Project, granting hundreds of millions of dollars into research about the connection between changes in the human microbiome and disease.

Is there a Link Between the Microbiome and Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes can be caused by genetics as well as diet and lifestyle.  Eating a healthy diet (one with lots of fiber-filled fruits and veggies and low in sugar and saturated fat) and exercising regularly can help keep your microbiome healthy and might help reduce the risk of developing diabetes.  The short-chain fatty acids that good gut bacteria produce when breaking down fiber can increase your body’s metabolism and how quickly glucose in the blood is used up, which can help manage blood sugar.  A recent study showed that a diet rich in fiber could improve diabetes management because it produces the short-chain fatty acids the cells of our gut lining need to be healthy.  Fiber also reduces inflammation and keeps you feeling full, which helps with managing portion sizes and keep blood sugar steady after meals. The types of bacteria in the gut also shifted to the species that love a high-fiber diet, promoting health long into the future.

How Can I Feed a Healthy Gut Microbiome?

  • Eating a diet rich in fiber keeps your good bacteria happy. They break down molecules like cellulose found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Limit high-sugar and high-fat meals. Bad bacteria thrive when we eat a high-sugar and high-animal fat diet. Try to limit foods like sodas, candy, large servings of fast foods, sugary baked goods, red and processed meats.
  • Try to eat some foods with probiotics. Foods that are already broken down (or fermented) contain good bacteria that can colonize and thrive in our guts. As a bonus for people with diabetes, these bacteria have already broken down some of the glucose for you! Some examples of fermented foods include:
    • Dairy: cheese or yogurt
    • Bread: sourdough
    • Grains: injera (found in Ethiopian cuisine), idli (found in Indian cuisine), atole (found in Mexican cuisine)
    • Vegetables: sauerkraut, fermented pickles, curtido (found in Salvadoran cuisine) kimchi (found in Korean cuisine) and tempeh and miso (found in Japanese cuisine)
  • Your healthcare provider many suggest taking a probiotic supplement to increase your good gut bacteria, particularly if you have recently taken antibiotics.
Post content reviewed by Melanie Pearsall, RD, CDE
My Story

My Story: What I Learned Caring for My Grandmother with Diabetes

By Vanessa

My grandmother is a tenacious and vibrant woman who was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes earlier this year. She had uncontrolled blood sugar levels along with other health issues and limited mobility. With no formal educational background, she doesn’t know much about diabetes or possible complications. Her low health literacy makes it difficult for her to utilize diabetes related health care resources.  “There are too many rules in my diet!” she would exclaim in Twi, her native dialect.  She also has low nutritional knowledge and at times would reduce her consumption of certain staple foods. She assumed that eating less of these foods would cure her body from the disease. Her daily diet in Ghana is mostly starchy and sugary foods with low nutritional benefits.  One staple meal that she eats quite often is called fufu:  a soft dough-like mix of cassava, plantain, and other flours served with different types of warm soups full of meat and/or fish.  Fufu is relatively high in carbohydrates and has a significant and rapid effect on my grandmother’s blood sugar levels.

As my grandmother’s caregiver, I provided diabetes care management and education.  My goal was to help her avoid blood sugar spikes keep her blood sugar in a healthy range before she went back to Ghana. Every day I checked her fasting blood sugar in the morning and again two hours after eating.  These results were reviewed by her PCP and nurse case manager.  I modified my grandmother’s meals and incorporated more green leafy vegetables, fiber-rich foods, whole-grain breads and old-fashioned oatmeal with almond milk and honey for added sweetness. I also introduced her to cooked quinoa and cauliflower rice as substitutes for fufu, white rice, and other fufu-like foods to give her meals a nutritional boost. After a meal, I would encourage her to take a walk to the local shopping plaza or to circle around the neighborhood for an hour.  Despite her stubbornness and fiery temper towards changes to her diet, we were able to improve her eating habits by stressing the importance of portion control.

My grandmother does not know how to pronounce diabetes or manage her care on her own, but making sure she understood that her medications, changes to her diet, and daily walks to her favorite consignment stores are effective tools for managing her blood sugar levels were key components to her care plan.  My experience as a caregiver was a wonderful opportunity to spend time with my grandmother, and it also highlighted the importance of diabetes education in following a care plan and reducing risk of complications.  I also learned how that approaching care in a culturally tailored manner that respects individual preferences, opinions and ideas is necessary for reaching optimal health.

 

Uncategorized

Prediabetes

By Eileen B. Wyner, NP
Bulfinch Medical Group

Eileen Wyner, NP

What is prediabetes? Does it become diabetes? How is it diagnosed? How can it be treated? Do medications work? I feel like I have more and more patients asking me these questions and with recent statistics stating that over 54 million people in the US have prediabetes, I’m probably right. Prediabetes is a condition where the blood sugar is elevated but not so elevated that it’s diabetes. It typically does not have any symptoms, but there are instances where people might have symptoms of problems commonly associated with diabetes, such as retina changes or neuropathy. Some people may have a change in their skin called acanthosis nigricans. This means that the skin is darker in color in places like the armpit, behind the neck, or on the elbows, knees or knuckles.

Prediabetes is diagnosed with the same blood tests as those used to diagnose diabetes but the result parameters are different. Prediabetes is diagnosed when the A1C is between 5.7% and 6.4%; fasting glucose is between 100mg/dl and 125mg/dl; or when the 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test is between 140mg/dl and 199mg/dl. People that have a positive test are advised to have the test rechecked every 1 to 2 years to monitor for type 2 diabetes.

The cause of prediabetes is not known but it is thought that genetics may play a part and that there is increased insulin resistance. Much like with diabetes, there are established risk factors for the development of prediabetes. These risk factors include: age; positive family history; being of African American, Asian, Pacific Indian, and Hispanic ethnicity; overweight (especially with an increased abdominal girth); being sedentary; and PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). A diagnosis of prediabetes does not mean an automatic progression to type 2 diabetes, but many people will progress to diabetes within 10 years of initial diagnosis.

There are many things that can be done to improve your health and possibly help the blood sugar values revert to normal range. There are some instances where metformin (Glucophage), a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, may be started, but that is an individual decision between the patient and their health care provider. The mainstay of treatment consists of lifestyle changes. For example: eating smaller portions, avoiding sugary beverages and fried foods, and walking most days of the week for 30 minutes at a moderate pace. I always tell my patients that they don’t have to join a gym or run a marathon, but they do have to move a little bit more each day. Remember, walking is the least costly form of exercise and will yield great benefits for your physical and mental health. I hope I have provided answers to your questions and some healthful tips to try and incorporate into your daily life. Now, I think I’ll take my own advice and leave the laptop behind so I can go take a walk in this gorgeous sunshine.

Guest Post, My Story

My Story: Overcoming Fears of Starting Insulin

By Kevin

Rock climbing. Photo Credit: Bryan Wintersteen

Writing a blog post on “Overcoming Fears of Starting Insulin” turned out to be harder than I thought. I mean, who knew writing something like this would be that much more difficult than composing an e-mail at work or posting a snarky comment on Facebook? And to be completely honest, after extending (read: missing) my deadline a few times I was starting to feel a bit hopeless that I could actually pull it off.

But then I saw Steve Martin, the actor, comedian, author, and banjo virtuoso (don’t believe me? Check this out, I think you’ll like it) on Late Show with David Letterman and inspiration struck. Martin’s appearance on Letterman reminded me of one of my favorite scenes from his 1986 comedy ¡Three Amigos!

To set the scene, at this point in the film The Amigos (played by Martin, Chevy Chase, and Martin Short) have decided that although they are merely Hollywood actors who play hero gunfighters in the movies, they will help the inhabitants of a small Mexican village confront and defeat the very real bandits and their ruthless leader, El Guapo (played by Alfonso Alau), who have terrorized the town for years. Lucky Day (Martin’s character) attempts to inspire the villagers with this speech.

What on Earth does this have anything to do with “Overcoming Fears of Starting Insulin”? Well, I think for most people with Type 2 diabetes, like yours truly, our “El Guapo” is starting insulin. It’s something we will have to face eventually and something that once we do, we will be better and healthier for it. For me, when my endocrinologist suggested insulin five years ago, there were two very different fears I had to overcome.

The first was the fear of admitting failure. The suggestion that it was time to start insulin was, for me, like admitting that I had failed myself, my wife, my family – everyone who cared about me.  If I had eaten better, I wouldn’t need insulin. If I had exercised more, I wouldn’t need insulin. And now if I needed insulin, then clearly I failed at managing my diabetes.

When I met with my diabetes educator, however, she reminded me that Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease, moving on to insulin was merely the next step in my treatment, and that it was my previous treatments that were failing to adequately treat the disease. In short, it wasn’t me it was my treatment that was failing. Once I heard this I was much more accepting of insulin as an option. I wanted to feel better than I was feeling at the time, and insulin was just the next phase of my diabetes management.

The second fear was about the administration of insulin. I had visions of not being able to do anything spontaneously with friends or family anymore (“Sorry I can’t make it, I forgot my insulin so I need to head home.”). I was pretty nervous (and admittedly still am) about hypoglycemia after a previous episode with another class of drug. And while not generally afraid of needles, I had never self-administered an injection. How long is the needle we’re talking about here? I thought it was going to be about six inches long. Would it hurt? I was sure it would be agonizing.

Again, a little education went a long way to allaying these fears. Injecting insulin turned out to be pretty anti-climactic, really. It’s had no negative impact on my life whatsoever. Being on insulin has not limited me socially. With help from my health care practitioners I have had no issues with hypoglycemia. The mini-pen needle is about as long as my pinky fingernail and causes no pain at all.

And most importantly, I’m healthier and happier ever since I faced the Type 2 diabetic’s “El Guapo” – and won.

Health

Diabetes and the Brain

By Eileen B. Wyner, NP
Bulfinch Medical Group

Eileen Wyner, NP

I’m confident that I’m not the only one who frequently goes wild because I can’t remember where I put my T-Pass, or my wallet or gloves. I know I had them, but  can’t remember where I put them. Little memory lapses like these happen to everyone no matter  how old you are, and it’s  a pretty normal occurrence.  However, there is potentially another side that worries all of us:  When are these common lapses more than just that? When is it a signal that something is seriously wrong, like the beginning of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease?

Let me start by defining these two illnesses. Dementia is a syndrome caused by a group of brain disorders, Alzheimer’s disease being the most common cause. There is a loss of memory, language, and judgment which interferes with activities of daily living. Alzheimer’s is a fatal disease characterized by progressive worsening of these symptoms thought to be due to abnormal clumps of protein in the brain.

There have been studies conducted showing people with  Type 2 Diabetes have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and  other types of dementia later in life, though the exact connection between these conditions isn’t well understood and is still being studied. (It still isn’t clear if people with Type 1 Diabetes have the same increased risk.) There are a few possibilities to consider, however. Type 2 Diabetes is a condition that means there is insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Inadequate insulin means glucose can’t get from the bloodstream to the cells of the body that keep it healthy and working well. This can lead to damage of the blood vessels anywhere in the body, including the brain.  This damage may go on to cause a decrease in blood flow and even blockages of the vessels. This series of events can lead to vascular dementia.

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) has also been indicated as a possible cause of decreased mental functioning. Glucose is the main source of energy for the brain. When you have a low blood sugar, there isn’t enough available to fuel the brain which causes decreased brain function. There is also the possibility that frequent and prolonged hypoglycemia may cause some brain damage to the cerebral cortex (the outermost covering of the brain) and the hippocampus (area responsible for memory).

There is continuous medical investigation underway to better understand the disease process of both diabetes and dementia, and achieve cures for these diseases.  What I hope you will take away with this information is an understanding that there are steps that you can take to help stay as healthy with diabetes as is possible.  Good blood sugar control is the key.  Discuss your self-monitoring goals and HbA1C range with your health care provider at your next visit as these are different for every person.  Taking care of your health is the best holiday gift you can give to yourself and your loved ones.

Diabetes ABCs

Diabetes ABCs: M

Metformin
By Eileen B. Wyner, NP
Bulfinch Medical Group

Metformin is an oral medication, also known as Glucophage, used for the management of Type 2 Diabetes. It is in a class of medications called biguanides and is considered the first drug of choice for diabetes management. It is usually taken in divided doses twice a day and may be used alone or in conjunction with other oral medications or insulin. Metformin’s method of action is to make the body work more efficiently to manage blood sugar. It helps the body’s response to insulin and decreases the amount of glucose that the liver produces and releases into the system

MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young)

By Eileen B. Wyner, NP
Bulfinch Medical Group

This is a rare form of diabetes that runs strongly in families and it is inherited from one of the parents. This genetic abnormality causes a disruption in insulin production. MODY usually develops before age 25. MODY can be treated with diet and medications as needed.

Announcements

HELP DEVELOP LIFESTYLE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES

MGH logo with blue circle

The MGH Diabetes Center has been in the vanguard of research on lifestyle interventions to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. In studies funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) such as the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Look AHEAD study, MGH Diabetes Center dietitians and lifestyle coaches helped people living with type 2 diabetes take control of their health through teaching strategies for managing diet, exercise, and weight.

Now Linda Delahanty RD MS, one of the dietitians who pioneered those national programs, is leading the Improving Diabetes Outcomes through Lifestyle Change (IDOLc) Translation Studyat MGH.  The purpose of the IDOLc study is to look at the effect of a group lifestyle program on weight loss, diabetes control, and quality of life.  We believe it is a great opportunity for anyone with type 2 diabetes to connect with a dietitian experienced in diabetes.  In addition, we hope to find out whether the lifestyle program that worked in the national trial when spread out over the course of many years can provide similar benefits to patients in a shorter time frame.

You may be able to take part if you have type 2 diabetes, are overweight with stable weight for the past 3 months, and are at least 18 years old.  Everyone who participates will have a study visit and a 6-month follow up (both last 2 hours – parking costs will be covered for these visits).  Study volunteers will be randomly assigned (like the flip of a coin) to one of two groups.  One group will receive the usual nutrition and lifestyle care, meeting one-on-one with a dietitian.  The other will participate in the intervention program that focuses on teaching lifestyle skills related to a variety of nutrition, activity and behavioral topics (19 sessions total lasting approximately 1 to 1.5 hours each).  Click here to watch a quick video about the intervention being tested by this study.

Visit the Partners clinical trials website for more information.  You can also call
(617) 724-4981 or e-mail IDOLcStudy@partners.org with any questions.